Definition of Force in Physics

Force is a quantitative description of an interaction that causes a change in an objects motion. An object may speed up, slow down, or change direction in response to a force. Put another way, force is any  action  that tends to maintain or alter the  motion  of a body or to distort it.  Objects are pushed or pulled by forces acting on them. Contact  force  is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space. Key Takeaways: Key Terms Force: A description of an interaction that causes a change in an objects motion. It can also be represented by the symbol F.The Newton: The unit of force within the International system of units (SI). It can also be represented by the symbol N.Contact forces: Forces which take place when objects touch each other. Contact forces can be classified according to six types: tensional, spring, normal reaction, friction, air friction, and weight.Noncontact forces: Forces that take place when two objects do not touch. These forces can be classified according to three types: gravitational, electrical, and magnetic. Units of Force Force is a  vector; it has both direction and magnitude. The SI unit  for  force is the  newton  (N). One newton of force is equal to 1 kg * m/s2 (where the * symbol stands for times). Force is proportional to acceleration, which is defined as the rate of change of velocity. In calculus terms, force is the derivative of momentum with respect to time. Contact vs. Noncontact Force There are two types of forces in the universe: contact and noncontact. Contact forces, as the name implies, take place when objects touch each other, such as kicking a ball: One object (your foot) touches the other object (the ball). Noncontact forces are those where objects do not touch each other. Contact forces can be classified according to six different types: Tensional: such as a string being pulled tightSpring: such as the force exerted when you compress two ends of a springNormal reaction: where one body provides a reaction to a force exerted upon it, such as a ball bouncing on a blacktopFriction: the force exerted when an object moves across another, such as a ball rolling over a blacktopAir friction: the friction that occurs when an object, such as a ball, moves through the airWeight: where a body is pulled toward the center of the Earth due to gravity Noncontact forces can be classified according to three types: Gravitational: which is due to the gravitational attraction between two bodiesElectrical: which is due to the electrical charges present in two bodiesMagnetic: which occurs due to the magnetic properties of two bodies, such as the opposite poles of two magnets being attracted to each other Force and Newtons Laws of Motion The concept of force was originally defined by Sir Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion. He explained gravity as an attractive force between bodies that possessed mass. However, gravity within Einsteins general relativity doesnt require force. Newtons First Law of Motion says that an object will continue to move at a constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external force. Objects in motion remain in motion until a force acts on them. This is inertia. They wont speed up, slow down, or change direction until something acts on them. For example, if you slide a hockey puck,  it will eventually stop because of friction on the ice. Newtons Second Law of Motion says that force is directly proportional to acceleration (the rate of change of momentum) for a constant mass. Meanwhile, acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. For example, when you throw a ball thrown onto the ground, it exerts a downward force; the ground, in response, exerts an upward force causing the ball to bounce. This law is useful for measuring forces. If you know two of the factors, you can calculate the third. You also know that if an object is accelerating, there must be a force acting on it.   Newtons Third Law of Motion relates to interactions between two objects. It says that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a force is applied to one object, it has the same effect on the object that produced the force but in the opposite direction. For example, if you jump off a small boat into the water, the force you use to jump forward into the water will also push the boat backward. The action and reaction forces happen at the same time. Fundamental Forces There are four fundamental forces that govern the interactions of physical systems. Scientists continue to pursue a unified theory of these forces: 1. Gravitation: the force that acts between masses. All particles experience the force of gravity. If you hold a ball up in the air, for example, the mass of the Earth allows the ball to fall due to the force of gravity. Or if a baby bird crawls out of its nest, the gravity from the Earth will pull it to the ground. While the graviton has been proposed as the particle mediating gravity, it has not yet been observed. 2. Electromagnetic: the force that acts between electrical charges. The mediating particle is the photon. For example, a loudspeaker uses the electromagnetic force to propagate the sound, and a banks door locking system uses electromagnetic forces to help shut the vault doors tightly. Power circuits in medical instruments like magnetic resonance imaging use electromagnetic forces, as do the magnetic rapid transit systems in Japan and China—called maglev for magnetic levitation. 3. Strong nuclear: the force that holds the nucleus of the atom together, mediated by gluons acting on quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves. (A gluon is a messenger particle that binds quarks within the protons and neutrons. Quarks are fundamental particles  that combine to form protons and neutrons, while antiquarks are identical to quarks in mass but opposite in electric and magnetic properties.) 4. Weak nuclear: the force that is mediated by exchanging W and Z bosons and is seen in beta decay of neutrons in the nucleus. (A boson is a type of particle that obeys the rules of Bose-Einstein statistics.) At very high temperatures, the weak force and the electromagnetic force are indistinguishable.

A Good Man Is Hard - 885 Words

A Good Man is Hard to Find People are often over looked and are not acknowledged for the good that they do in every day life. Most would not consider Bailey, the father from the story A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor, an outstandingly great man. A scholarly critic, Nancy Nester, expresses that the moral of the story is to delineate Bailey as the Grandmothers idea of a ‘good man’. Bailey’s character is bland and also a bit authoritative and can be seen as an ordinary man, not a ‘good’ man. Nester forenamed â€Å"[†¦] that is may be Bailey, in fact, whose goodness that the grandmother affirms at its climax†. Bailey’s true morality is not characterized until the end of the text when the grandmother shows her desperation to the ‘Misfit’, the alleged serial killer who escaped from prison. In the story A Good Man is Hard to find, Bailey, the father of his family and son to his mother shows his ‘go odness’ throughout the story by alleviating the wants and needs of his family but is ultimately over looked because of his bleak and affectionless characteristics. The setting of the story is in 1953, when times were supposed good. The Grandmother expresses several times that now-a-days it is very hard to find a good man even though a good man has been in front of her this entire time. Nester states in her essay; â€Å"But scarcity is just part of the problem. Even when goodness is within proximity, it is neglected. Thus, the voice insists that actions be speaking genuine goodnessShow MoreRelatedA Good Man Is Hard897 Words   |  4 PagesA good man is hard to find Plot::: The characters: Grandmother- ***She lives with Bailey and his family. During the journey to florida the grandma conviences the family to visit an old house she remembers but on the way they get into a car crash. This lead this leads to the murder of the entire family. She remembered that the house was actually in tennesse where she origanilly tried to convence the family to go to instead of florida which they do every year. She tried to reason with the misfit butRead MoreIs It Hard For Find A Good Man?1739 Words   |  7 PagesHadleigh Garza Ms. Vernon English 1302.05 March 26, 2015 Is it Hard to Find a Good Man? In the short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O’Conner introduces the story with the characters, the grandmother, her son Bailey, his wife, his two children June Star and John Wesley, and the baby, on the way to Florida for a vacation. Soon after the trip begins, the grandmother states that she wants to go Georgia to see a friend, but with her awful memory, she remembers it is actually in TennesseeRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find1460 Words   |  6 Pages1102 Society and Class in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† In Flannery O’Connor’s short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† the grandmother and the Misfit become the main focus even though the other characters are involved in the story. Throughout the entire story, The Misfit is portrayed as the symbol of evil because he was in jail; he escaped from jail, and he committed murders. The grandmother believes to be greater than the people that she are around because of the â€Å"good† that she portrays. The conventionalRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find1451 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿What makes a good man How many people do you encounter each day whom considers themselves to be a righteous person? Do you agree or disagree with this persons judgement of their own character? Often a person might hide behind his or her religion as a justification for the actions made in every day life. Perhaps some people may decide that commiting enough positive actions can some how cancel out their negative actions, allowing them to consider themselves a righteous person. In Flannery OConnorsRead MoreA good man is hard to find2182 Words   |  9 PagesThe Use of Religion in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work shows Christian themes of good and evil, grace, and salvation. O’Connor has challenged the theme of religion into all of her works largely because of her Roman Catholic upbringing. O’Connor wrote in such a way that the characters and settings of her stories are unforgettable, revealing deep insights into the human existence. In O’Connor’s Introduction to a â€Å"Memoir of MaryRead MoreA good man is hard to find2745 Words   |  11 PagesEssay #1 A Closer Look Into â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† By James ENC-1102 The short story I chose for my critical essay is a story that caught my attention with a gentle and inspiring title and as I began to turn pages it suddenly evolved into a theme that caught me off guard and I quickly became intrigued by elusive style of writing the author used to express this story in a unique form of literature. After reading Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, I will discuss the vividRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard to Find: Irony1017 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† there is irony all through the pages. It shows how you should follow your gut instinct when you think you shouldn’t go somewhere, when you know something bad is going to happen. In the story it also talks about how the grandmother wore her nice clothes in case of an accident, she wanted to look like a lady in case anything bad was to happen. The grandmother was constantly talking about the good in people, but was she aRead MoreIrony In A Good Man Is Hard To Find1170 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Conner, a Gothic literature writer, has written several short stories throughout her life. Among these stories, two of them being A Good Man is Hard to Find and Good Country People, she has included some of the most fleshed out and grotesque characters I have ever read. O’Conner brings her characters to life throughout her writing in near flawless and subtle detail with ironic humor. For example, Oâ€℠¢Conner makes skillful use of ironic names for her characters. The titles and namesRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find Reflection986 Words   |  4 PagesAustin Millender Intro to Lit: 9:35 Tuesday Thursday A Good Man Is Hard To Find A Good Man is Hard To Find is a story that unveils the hypocrisy of modern Christian views, but also shows that you shouldn’t be so wrapped up in the past and that you need to learn to let things go. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, Flannery O’Connor makes it clear that everybody’s guilty of something. The family is about to embark on a vacation with Grandma who had already been complaining that she wanted to go toRead More A good man is hard to find paper1379 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å" A Good Man Is Hard To Find† depicts a family’s encounter with a criminal escaped from a federal penitentiary and their essential relinquishment of life. The family that the story surrounds has planned a trip to Florida for a family vacation. Knowing but unconcerned about the criminal at large, also known as the Misfit, the family voyages onward towards their destination until the trip is abruptly stopped by a totally

Violence and Americas Troubled Youth Essays - 1069 Words

Video games have come a long way since the days of Pong. Advances in technology have allowed games to present state of the art graphics and surreal like qualities to its consumers; from four star simulated battle scenes to enhanced real live fire shoot outs. With all these innovations added to violent video games it attracted the visual needs of our teenage youth. Although video game violence has been blamed for high profile school shootings, video games and its creators should not be held accountable for these tragedies because there is not enough credible evidence to absolutely link video games to outburst of violence amongst juveniles. Video games have made a killing in the world of entertainment, it is a multibillion dollar industry.†¦show more content†¦This could be opening the doors to a plethora of other cases and assumptions that can lead to our youth potentially becoming killers. Research was conducted on the exposure of television violence and its effects on kids, organizations like the American Psychological Association, the American Medical Association and the Academy of Pediatrics have concluded that there is a cause and effect relationship amongst those exposed. However, such studies does not demonstrate that media violence causes aggressive behavior, only that the two phenomena exist together (207). This finding was used to make the assumption that it would likely be the case with video games. Other factors that seem to be heavily weighted but are dismissed when figuring out the motive and psyche of these individuals committing these acts are the shooter’s social rejection, feelings of alienation at school, and depression, all were treated mostly as minor factors compared to video games (206). Bullying and mental illnesses should be factored into this equation as well. There has been numerous cases on the psychological effects that bullying has on a person, most perpetrators were in fact victimized in school prior to the acts of violence. It’s no surprise that the shooters identified were teens since these seem to be the most trying times for adolescents dealing with high school andShow MoreRelatedSolutions For The Youth Violence1520 Words   |  7 PagesSolutions to Our Youth Violence Gang and youth violence has become a seemingly unfixable issue in countries around the globe. Zooming in on America, the U.S government has made efforts to keep gang violence under control through the try and failed method of mass imprisonment and also placing more policemen in affected neighborhoods to patrol the streets. Not only did the government help expand gang networks in prisons by using these tactics, but these â€Å"solutions† also made the youth living in harshRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Violence1618 Words   |  7 PagesAs we all know gun violence has become an increasingly conflicted issue in the world and specifically in the United States. Gun violence is the leading cause of premature death in the United States as it kills almost 30,000 people and causes about 60,000 injuries annually. But guns are not the main cause of this problem. The problem is Americas culture of violence. We need to understand that guns are not what’s killing people, people are what’s killing people. Although guns may enable killers toRead MoreEssay on Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults1503 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the courts should be abolished or not, but the people for abolishing them believe that the court is based on false premises. They believe that all it does for the youth is cover up their actions. They feel as if juveniles are tried as adults they will get the full punishment that is deserved. Juvenile courts fail to stop violence. They believe that they should be punished for adult crimes if they are going to act in such manors (Should Juveniles†¦). While there are many that want to abolish itRead MoreThe Story Of A Woman Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesverbal abuse, killing their self-esteem and their will to live. Domestic violence is an epidemic that is on the rise around the world. We must come together and propose a solution to help women feel safe and secure in their homes and in their relationships. Per the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, approximately twenty people are abused by an intimate partner every minute (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence). We have seen this number steadily increasing over the past few decadesRead MoreEssay about Can We Stop School Violence?1885 Words   |  8 PagesViolence in American schools is escalating faster than a speeding bullet. Society demands that schools be safe for our children, yet recent events indicate we need to escalate our efforts to prevent violence in schools at the same time address violence in the larger community. Crises involving sudden violence in schools are traumatic in large measure because they are unexpected. The shrapnel from bullets fired on school grounds have a way of touching the lifes of many. In the wake of such a crisisRead MoreThe Vietnam War : We Can Not Understand War Without Understanding Culture1267 Words   |  6 Pagesinstitutions and way of life and intent on imposing them on th e outside world. † Whether fought at home or abroad every war is to impact all parties involved. Such example of staggering influence on one country’s culture is no more evident then in America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. Upon entering the war the USA’s government was convinced and assured the public of its confidence in very quick and consequences free resolution to their problem on the other side of the world. However, what it failedRead MoreCampus Violence1785 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: CAMPUS VIOLENCE 1 Campus Violence has escalated since the Massacre at UT Berketa L. Livingston Liberty University Online ENGL-104 Read MoreAging Out of Foster Care Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesfear. Where will they live after turning 18? How will they get the medications they may need? How will they find a job with little to no experience? How will they put themselves through school? Aging out of foster care is a serious issue among America’s youth. Every year, 20,000 children will age out with nowhere to go, being expected to be able to survive on their own (Reilly 728). Young adults face various obstacles upon aging out of foster care, such as multiple health problems/issues, homelessnessRead MoreEssay on Causes of Depression in the Millennial Generation1523 Words   |  7 PagesMillennial generation, depression seems to be quite an affliction (Twenge). Common life tragedies aside, this change in the youth of America is most assuredly due to each individuals cultural, social, and environmental influences. I believe the evolution of the idea of â€Å"the pursuit of happiness† over the progression of American culture significantly contributes to depression among youths. In today’s culture, many young people experience it as an over whelming pressure to succeed. A leading chiropracticRead MoreThe Violence Of Adult Jail2131 Words   |  9 Pagesabusive boyfriend, George, a local police officer. After that, he was placed in adult jail. (How America’s Justice System Failed Our Children). Although what Charlie did was ruled second-degree murder, what he had to face, and will continue to face from the trauma, from adult jail is arguably worse. This tragedy continues to be the harsh reality of juveniles sent to adult jail. Each year 200,000 youths are tried as adults (Rozzell). Juveniles are put in stressful situations and without the role models

Marketing Processes of Apple and Samsung-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Analyse the Marketing Strategies and Marketing Processes of real Organisations and determine their effectiveness. Answer: Introduction The research and the study is based on analysing and discussing of the marketing strategies that is implemented by two best renowned companies. The organisation has been able to work on the attractive offers with attaining a competitive margin to the organisations. The company chosen are Apple and Samsung, where the marketing strategies are also guided through the use of marketing concepts mainly the marketing mixture, strategic planning, and the segmentation targeting, positioning. (Bagchi et al., 2016). The case is about how Apple Inc., is able to work on launching the iPhone through the effective marketing procedure. With this, Samsung also works on the evolution of the best Android phones. The customer oriented organisation works with the implementation based on the research and development, depending upon the marketing approach. Description of the two cases Apples iPhone Launch: A Case Study in Effective Marketing (Mickalowski, Mickelson, Keltgen, 2008) The announcements are related to the launching of iPhone, where the company is working on the improvement of the product developed in year 2007. Through this, the stock price of Apple has also been doubled with $400 Million that is invested for the publicity of iPhone. This is mainly set with the span of time for the announcements based on launching. The vigorous and the aggressive paid and the non-paid marketing is mainly done for iPhone and so for this, the major idea is also related to the presence of different media technology that comes from the newspapers. (Broring et al, 2008). The combination of the iPod and smartphones is considered to be important for innovative product features of iPhone which includes the target towards the high-end customers that has been priced at $499 and $599. Apple is able to work on entering into the strategic partnerships with ATT stores. Here, Apple has been able to sell 4 million sets in the time of 6months. Hence, a successful grabbing of the ma rket share is done where19.5%of the same is held and it has become the most popular handset as well. Studying the Relationship between Brand Personality and Customer Loyalty: A Case Study of Samsung Mobile Phone With the development of the competitive environment, the company look for the improvement and then stabilising the competition. This has been mainly to handle the growth and the enhancement where the organisation aligns with the better permanent changes to maintain their order of survival. The brand personality is for the tools where the organisations employ to retain the customers and attract the new ones to achieve the competitive advantage. The brand personality is important with the potential set for the marketing strategy to increase the loyalty of the customers towards a particular brand. This includes the reinforcement of the needs and the response given to them. Samsung is able to conduct and work on the qualitative and quantitative research to work and gain the insights of the customer. The liaisons with the scientists and the product developers tend to invest more than in any other company of the mobile. Through this, the research and development is possible where the large st sales of the Android phones is based on the science research units of the world. The inspiration comes with the awareness of the product with the adoption of the wellness strategy. (Teimouri, et al., 2016). The research is based on how the customers tend to choose the products and make sure that there is a proper suitability of the product to the customers. The major focus is on the excitement, competence and the sophistication tests of the brand personality. With this, Samsung Mobile phone users are able to relate to the theoretical methods with the principles that could easily be collected with the research set through the self-made questionnaires. The results have been revealed for the significant amount of relationship which could be obtained among the brand personality dimensions and setting the customer loyalty as well. Evidence of Marketing Related Success Apple Inc. As per the analysis, it is seen that Apple has been able to contribute towards the clean marketing where the development and the offering of the products are done through the customer expectations. Apple has been able to hire the employees who are able to assess the needs of the customers and work on the research of hefty amount. They are able to provide with the better autonomy for the developers by offering the platform for experimentation. The vision of Steve Jobs is to work on the different times where the people do not know about what their requirements are. (Mickalowski et al., 2008). With this, marketing also goes with time to understand the needs of the customer. The current case study reflects also about the Ansoff matrix that by properly launching iPhone, Apple is going to implement the strategy where there is a possibility of the development of product by easily investing and handling the research and development. For Samsung, the success is mainly based on how the research and development is able to handle the wellness with the customers output and buying power with instant fulfillment of the needs. For this, the company has been able to work on the development of the products with the better marketing development strategies. The slimness range is set that reflects on the development of the product strategy which is easily implemented through the intense research. (Phung, 2016). Analysis and Explanation The marketing mixture of Apple is based on the launch of the product where there are models to handle the revolutionary change in the company. Apple is considered as one of the multi-touch smart phone which claims that the technology has been able to handle the designing and functionality. The marketing mixture is set with the premium pricing policy where the products are determined to be used with the use of particular brand value where Apple demands for the premium pricing for the products. The trading partners then sell through the individual handpicked retailers who work to sell the Apple products. Due to the premium model of the product, the distribution is niche and is given to the premium retailers who can easily meet the target of the company. (Galanakis, 2016). The strategic planning of Apple is based on the management process with creating and maintaining a proper resource objective and evolving the better marketing opportunity. The goals are based on producing the products with the enjoyment and the service development, where the best expansion comes with the production rate and the higher demand of the products. The expansion of the sales of the product is not introduced but is mainly to make sure that the company is able to handle the long run profitability, with production and service. The marketing mixture of Samsung includes the products like Samsung Note III and other updated software which brings a change in functioning. The company has been able to work on the different category of the products which comes with the changing demands and the requirements of the customer. The strength of pricing for Samsung is through packaging with the buying depending upon the customer loyalty. In the different markets, the choice is administered with the customer segmentation and the competitive pricing as well. (Islam, 2017). The strategic planning of Samsung is mainly to meet the opportunities and the threats in the external environment which is to decide for using the resources and working on the capabilities with core competencies. Samsung works with the change in the opportunities and the threats where the future strategy is to perform in a better manner and work towards the development and then implementing a better learning approach. Conclusion For the company to rise, it is important to have a better share in the market with advanced technology. The research and development is based on finding the information to satisfy the local tastes and cultural favours. Samsung Company need to work on improving the operational efficiency with the focus on integrating over the global scale. The company focus on the different aspects with the general environment, competitive environment and then scanning all the opportunities and threats. (Fill, 2005). The company focus on the needs with marketing and selling the products, from primary production, choice of suppliers and the transport to handling the packaging materials. The purpose is based on offering the safe and convenient product that will help in improving the environmental segments, trends and the opportunities. The marketing segmentation is based on dividing the market of potential customers into the groups with segments based on the different characteristics. References Fill, C., 2005.Marketing communications: engagements, strategies and practice. Pearson Education. Jung, S.C., 2014. The analysis of strategic management of samsung electronics company through the generic value chain model.International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications,8(12), pp.133-142. Lee, K.D., Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 2001.Customer support search engine system and method of searching data using the search engine system. U.S. Patent 6,240,420. Mickalowski, K., Mickelson, M. and Keltgen, J., 2008. Apple's iPhone launch: A case study in effective marketing.The Business Review,9(2), pp.283-288. Phung, P., 2016. T2 2016 MPK732 MARKETING MANAGEMENT (CLUSTER B).Month. Sheth, J. and Sisodia, R., 2012.The 4 A's of Marketing: creating value for customer, company and society. Routledge. Teimouri, H., Fanae, N., Jenab, K., Khoury, S. and Moslehpour, S., 2016. Studying the relationship between brand personality and customer loyalty: A case study of Samsung mobile phone.International Journal of Business and Management,11(2), p.1

History of Special Education Essay Example Essay Example

History of Special Education Essay Example Paper History of Special Education Essay Introduction Running head: History of Special Education History of Special Education Julie G. Delk Grand Canyon University: SPE 526 May 4, 2011 Abstract The realm of Special Education has many components and features. It has a well rounded historical background and the laws governing special education are equally as important to discuss. A key point to discuss is the Individuals with Disabilities Act-its laws and principles that are associated with Special Education. Challenges found within Special Education are also discussed with current times and themes and also prospecting into the future. The History of Special Education Introduction When our education system was established, a thought seemed to never cross the minds of educators that those possessing difficulties in learning were even capable of learning. This attitude handicapped the progress of education to such an extent that those with exceptionalities were often cast aside and often viewed as a burden to society. This thought progressi vely began to change towards the 17th and 18th centuries. Pioneers such as Pinel Philippe, Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard, Eduoard Seguin, and Samuel Gridley Howe are just a few of the many who felt that children with difficulties can learn and developed special education techniques that are still actively present in teaching strategies of today. Perhaps these individuals saw that through observation and demonstrating compassion that these attitudes revealed a glimpse of hope, a hope for a brighter future for children with disabilities. History of Special Education Essay Body Paragraphs More so that through the perseverance of advocates and parents of persons with disabilities a creation of change in behavior and attitudes of society were beginning. Special education has been a heavily discussed topic in the realm of government and in legislation. Litigation and Legislation for Special Education One of the biggest concerns of those afflicted with disabilities and the families of those disabled was discrimination and the unfair treatment of children with disabilities. At one point in time educators often felt that they should not educate those with disabilities because the assumption was these individuals were unable to learn. Some educators, however had the same concern and wanted to better the lives of those whom they taught. In Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka, KS, a finding was made that teachers could discriminate against any student because of individual differences of those with disabilities. Two other court decisions also were helpful in the developmen t of special education. These two cases were held in Supreme Court: Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. Board of Education, Washington, D. C. These two cases applied the right to a free and appropriate education for students with disabilities. The American court system has continually played an active role in special education and continues to enforce these rulings. Legally schools must provide the education in special education or prepare to face legal action or consequences. History of legislation in the regards to special education was precedential in the landmark decision-The Rehabilitation Act of 1973. In particular, Section 504 of this Act mandated that there would be no discrimination for those with disabilities. The law had a broad definition of the term disability and encompassed those who had disabilities not particularly covered in special education laws or court decisions. This law was the first step in the legislat ion of recognizing the civil rights of disabled persons. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004(referred to as IDEA) Special education became institutionalized in public and private school settings when Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 became law. According to the Wikipedia article (n. d. ) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 â€Å"is a United States federal law that governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. † The educational needs of children from birth to 18 or 21 are addressed in cases that involve several specified categories of disability. States that accept funding under IDEA are subject to its law and regulation. IDEA and its predecessor statutes arose from the idea that free and appropriate education for children with disabilities should no longer be withheld because of a person’s disability-which is in direct violation of the right to due process. This Act has been amended and reauthorized and was finally released in 2004, which contained several amendments. IDEA’s outline intended for outcomes for each child is prepared for furthering the education, job fulfillment, and self efficacy. Wikipedia further states(n. d. ) â€Å"Under IDEA 2004: Special education and related services should be designed to meet the unique learning needs of eligible children with disabilities, preschool through age 21. Students with disabilities should be prepared for further education, employment, and independent living. † Furthermore, IDEA protects the rights of those individuals, keeps schools in regulatory necessity for checks and balances, and students that have disabilities benefit to their fullest potential. Current and Future Challenges in the Field of Special Education Without a proper and fundamental understanding of the definition of children with exceptionalities, an educator may find a very di fficult task to educate and this failure may result in no success of learning on the behalf of the student. The term that describes abilities that differ from the norm either above or below to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to fully from education(Heward, 2009). The term exceptional children includes children who experience difficulties in learning as well as those whose performance is so superior that modification in curriculum and instruction are necessary to help them fulfill potential†(p. 9). Labeling children with terms such as â€Å"children with disabilities† or â€Å"handicapped children† are no longer viewed as appropriate for use in describing exceptional children. Perhaps labeling is essential for demographic or educational purposes as well as for those seeking benefits to special educational services. Never the less exceptional children require pecialized education and services. The re are many factors to consider when labeling an individual. Advantages are many as the same is applied to disadvantages. The challenge currently is to find the appropriate measure of the label itself. Professionals in special education have legitimate reason to feel good about the overall progress in the field of special education. Educators continue to learn to work as partners with families and other educational agencies on behalf of exceptional children. There is still more work that needs to be done however. Research continues to be a key component to close the gap in the educational practice in special education. The continuous learning of the techniques of what works best in the classroom is an ever growing process. Educators have learned much about how to teach effectively children with severe disabilities, whom many previously had assumed were incapable of learning. Heward (2009) reports that â€Å"It is critically important for special education to close the gap between f ield’s knowledge of evidence-based practices and the curriculum and instruction that students receive† (p. 43). Several challenges educators in this field are facing currently as well what future obstacles are the availability of early intervention and prevention programs, helping students with disabilities adjust from school to adult life, and improve the special education-general education partnership. Other issues such as cultural and linguistic diversity are concerns as well. Schools sometimes may not always be effective as they should be providing the best or most desired experiences for culturally and linguistically diverse students. This failure often results in student failure as a whole. This result often times in a misinterpretation of a disability rather than the responsibility of the school to provide appropriate curriculum and instruction. The important point to remember is that everyone is different and educators must be aware of this fact. Educators must find the open line of communication as a common ground. This does pose some risk but the reward outweighs the risk taken in the discovery of different sets of values. No one should fear the differences between other there is a great opportunity to be discovered. Conclusion There is a continuing struggle for those with disabilities for acceptance and survival. Without special education, these individuals would still be seen and viewed as worthless and unsuitable products of society. The individuals who have persevered for the rights of the disabled have brought many wrong assumptions to light for correction. Special education has come a long ways and the laws that regulate it are there to protect these individuals. Through detailed and tailored instruction, these individuals can realize their fullest potential and contribute to the society as a whole. References Brown v. Board of Education. 347 U. S. 483 (1954). Heward, W. L. (2009). Exceptional children: An introduction to special e ducation(9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-446, 118  § 2647. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (n. d. ). Retrieved May 3, 2011 from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Individuals_with _Disabilities_Education_Act Mills v. Board of Education, 348 F. Supp. 866 (1972). The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub. L. No. 93-112, 87 Stat. 394, 29 U. S. C.  §701. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Special Education Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History of Special Education Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History of Special Education Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Todo lo que se debe conocer sobre ciudadanía americana

Todo lo que se debe conocer sobre ciudadanà ­a americana La ciudadanà ­a americana da derechos, libertades, privilegios, protecciones, y tambià ©n obligaciones, que son exclusivos de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica. En este artà ­culo se brinda informacià ³n sobre los 5 caminos que es posible seguir para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana, los derechos que da ser estadounidense, cà ³mo se pierde la ciudadanà ­a y quà © problemas  puede ocasionar la doble nacionalidad. Quià ©n es ciudadano americano y cà ³mo se obtiene la ciudadanà ­a de EE.UU.   Se obtiene la ciudadanà ­a americana  de diversos modos. Y es que en  comparacià ³n con otros paà ­ses, Estados Unidos tiene una polà ­tica muy generosa en este punto.   Reconoce la ciudadanà ­a por ius solis, es decir, por nacimiento en territorio estadounidense. De hecho, esta es la forma ms comà ºn de adquisicià ³n de la condicià ³n de estadounidense y, a dà ­a de hoy, sà ³lo existe una excepcià ³n a este principio general. Asimismo,  tambià ©n la reconoce por ius sanguinis tambià ©n conocido por derecho de sangre. Es decir,  por ser hijo o hija de un estadounidense nacido fuera de los Estados Unidos, si bien en estos casos se tienen que cumplir una serie de requisitos para que se reconozca este derecho. Y, por supuesto, tambià ©n se  admite la naturalizacià ³n.  Ã‚  En la inmensa mayorà ­a de los casos las personas naturalizadas son  extranjeros que tienen la condicià ³n de  residentes permanentes legales, cumplen con todos los requisitos legales y que aprueban un examen sobre conocimientos cà ­vicos y de inglà ©s. Destacar que el tiempo  de espera de los residentes para aplicar por la ciudadanà ­a  es diferente y depende de cà ³mo se obtuvo precisamente la condicià ³n de residente. Aunque las 3 formas mencionadas -nacimiento en USA, por derecho de sangre y por naturalizacià ³n, son las formas ms comunes de obtener la ciudadanà ­a, no son las à ºnicas.   Cà ³mo se acredita  la ciudadanà ­a americana Varios documentos sirven para probar que una persona es ciudadana de los Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo,  los nacidos en cualquiera de los 50 estados que conforman la Unià ³n Americana o en cualquiera de sus territorios se puede utilizar el certificado de nacimiento. Por otro lado, los que son americanos por tener un progenitor estadounidense pero que han nacido en el extranjero pueden presentar como prueba el Certificado Consular en el que se ha registrado su nacimiento. Adems, los naturalizados pueden presentar el certificado de naturalizacià ³n que se les entrega tras finalizar la ceremonia del juramento de lealtad a los Estados Unidos. Este es un documento muy delicado que no puede fotocopiarse ni enmarcarse. Y se intentar no doblarlo para evitar que se daà ±e y ciertas partes del mismo no puedan ser leà ­das. Asimismo, en todos los casos y sin importar cà ³mo han obtenido la ciudadanà ­a, se puede mostrar como prueba un pasaporte americano vlido. Por à ºltimo, un listado ms completo de todos los documentos que podrà ­an admitirse para probar la ciudadanà ­a cuando no sea posible mostrar uno de los anteriores. Derechos de los ciudadanos americanos Para los Estados Unidos hay una divisià ³n muy clara a la hora de reconocer derechos y otorgar proteccià ³n: por un lado estn sus ciudadanos y por otro el resto de las personas. Ni siquiera los residentes permanentes legales cuentan con los mismos derechos que los ciudadanos. Quiz el privilegio ms importante es el derecho al voto. Sà ³lo los ciudadanos votan en elecciones federales tras registrarse para votar. Otros privilegios y beneficios pueden compartirse con los residentes permanentes, pero las reglas de aplicacià ³n son frecuentemente diferentes para uno y para otro. Por ejemplo, los cupones de alimentos son ms fciles de obtener para los nacionales que para los titulares de la green card, si bien hay excepciones y tambià ©n variacià ³n segà ºn el estado en el que se reside habitualmente. Asimismo, a la hora de pedir papeles de inmigracià ³n para un familiar el proceso es ms fcil, amplio y rpido si la peticià ³n la realiza un ciudadano. Y tambià ©n desde el punto de vista migratorio es importante destacar que los ciudadanos nunca pueden ser deportados, ni siquiera en  aquellos  casos en que adquirieron esa condicià ³n de adultos por naturalizacià ³n y ostentan doble nacionalidad con otro paà ­s. En materia de empleo, trabajos donde se necesita una autorizacià ³n para manejar informacià ³n de algà ºn modo relacionada con la seguridad puede estar reservada exclusivamente a los estadounidenses. Por ejemplo, en ciertas posiciones en el Foreign Service o en el Civil Service o para ser oficial en cualquiera de los cuatro Ejà ©rcitos. Incluso privilegios que llegan al corazà ³n pero que tienen poco que ofrecer desde el punto de vista prctico estn reservados para los americanos, como solicitar a la Casa Blanca el envà ­o de una felicitacià ³n por aniversarios o nacimientos. Pà ©rdida de la nacionalidad americana Es extraordinariamente infrecuente perder la ciudadanà ­a americana, pero es posible. Bsicamente por realizacià ³n de forma voluntaria de ciertos actos penados por la ley con la pà ©rdida de la condicià ³n de estadounidense o por decisià ³n personal. Si se renuncia motu propio debe hacerse en el extranjero, en una oficina consular y la decisià ³n es irreversible. Evitar los pagos al IRS suele ser una de las razones para tomar esta decisià ³n. Y es que Estados Unidos es à ºnico en el mundo al exigir cumplir con las obligaciones tributarias a sus ciudadanos sin importar donde estos residan. Y es que hay casos en los que a falta de tratados bilaterales de doble tributacià ³n, los americanos expatriados estn obligados a pagar importantes cantidades en concepto de impuestos simultneamente en los Estados Unidos y en el paà ­s en el que residen habitualmente. Y esto parece ser que est causando un nà ºmero pequeà ±o pero notable de renuncias a la nacionalidad. Este es un listado de 10 famosos que renunciaron voluntariamente a su condicià ³n de estadounidenses por razones muy variadas. Doble nacionalidad: Estados Unidos y otro paà ­s La doble nacionalidad significa que una misma persona posee simultneamente la ciudadanà ­a de dos paà ­ses. Es una situacià ³n tolerada por Estados Unidos pero no fomentada por los problemas y conflictos que esta doble lealtad puede acarrear. Las personas con doble nacionalidad deben tener claro que esta condicià ³n puede afectar negativamente en ciertos trabajos, como por ejemplo en aquellos que requieren un security clearance. Por à ºltimo, aunque se pueden tener dos pasaportes, se entra y se sale de Estados Unidos exclusivamente con el pasaporte americano, no el de otro paà ­s. A tener en cuenta Son ciudadanos americanos desde el momento de su nacimiento todas las personas nacidas en un territorio o Commonwealth de Estados Unidos, como es, por ejemplo el caso de Puerto Rico. Y desde el punto de vista de leyes migratorias Puerto Rico tiene exactamente las mismas leyes que los 50 estados de USA. Quienes desean viajar a la Isla deben contar con los documentos apropiados. Curiosidades Las personas que tengan curiosidad por saber quà © preguntan en el examen de naturalizacià ³n para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana pueden tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples que contiene preguntas reales.   Para aprobar el test hay que contestar correctamente un mà ­nimo de 6 de un total de 10. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Reading questions on environmental law article Essay

Reading questions on environmental law article - Essay Example People thought the animal would be made extinct unless the hunt was regulated. Many proponents of the idea of banning the whale hunt point out that the when the hunt was unregulated, several species of whales were made extinct by over-hunting. They say that we have forever lost a number of animals that were unique in their biodiversity. They point out the same thing would happen if the hunt was made legal in certain areas again. However, the damage done to whale stocks occurred almost entirely before the advent of the International Whaling Commission. That is to say, that whale stocks were depleted in the days before there was any real regulation whatsoever and that the current system is quite sustainable. Also very few of the species that animal-rights activists claim are endangered actually are. The numbers are very unclear. Few people no the real dimensions of the whale population today. There is no clear-cut evidence that a regulated return to the whale hunt by countries that currently ban it would have a devastating impact on whale stocks. And without thi s evidence it is hard to suggest that continuing the whale hunt would be a negative thing. Many of the other arguments made by whaling conservationists are similarly flimsy. While few would argue that the methods for hunting are especially humane—for example the use of the exploding harpoon is a bit cruel—these things can easily be improved and suffering can be reduced. Just as in Canada, Canadian sealers must use more humane methods, so can whalers stop exploding whales and instead start killing them more humanely. No one is arguing for a completely unregulated hunt—that is a red herring. The animal rights activists have created a false dichotomy. It is part of rhetoric trick on their part when they argue that to hunt whales means to have no rules whatsoever. A properly regulated hunt can reduce the suffering of whales and bring rogue, illegal hunters (who are inclined to use cruel